$Z^{+}$-Initial Value Problem with Extended Triangular Distribution

Authors

  • Nazanin Ahmady Islamic Azad university

Keywords:

Z-Differential Equations, Triangular Distribution, Numerical Method

Abstract

Z-differential equations are used to model phenomena under uncertainty and partial reliability in scientific and engineering fields. Most existing methods for z-differential equations that involve z-numbers are based on discrete forms; however, the continuous form of z-numbers is more representative of the behavior of many phenomena. In this work, we examine $z^{+}$-numbers with triangular distributions as initial conditions in uncertain differential equations. The numerical method, called the Modified Euler method, is generalized to solve $z^{+}$-initial value problems, with proofs provided for its convergence and stability. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.

Published

2025-10-15

Issue

Vol. 19

Section

Vol. 19, No. 5, (2025)

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